Papa e umanista: Pio II

Introduzione: Enea Silvio Piccolomini

Chi viaggia in auto o in bus da Firenze a fatica nota una colonna eretta on the alley leading to Porta Camollia, la porta nord di Siena. La colonna regge un rilievo che mostra un'aquila imoeriale vicina allo stemma del Portogallo: sul retro del Bassorilievo una lunga iscrizione spiega il legame tra i due simboli e la città di Siena.



Colonna che celebra l'incontro tra l'Imperatore Federico III e la Principessa Eleonora del Portogallo


On February 24, 1452 Emperor Frederick III met his future bride, Eleanor of Portugal at that very point. The marriage had been arranged by the Bishop of Siena, Enea Silvio Piccolomini: the emperor had the highest noble rank, but little money: his bride came from an insofar almost obscure kingdom, always threatened by the Castilian kings, but greatly enriched by its expanding colonial possessions. Notwithstanding the very practical purpose behind their marriage, Frederick e Eleanor were a very happy couple.
Why the Bishop of Siena had a role in such a high level diplomatic venture is explained by the career of the man who held that position, Enea Silvio Piccolomini.



Stemmi of the Piccolomini e of the Tolomei

He was born in 1405 in Corsignano a hamlet, not far from Siena: his family, although of noble origin, was rather impoverished at that time. The five moons of the Piccolomini's coat of arms could hardly compete with the three moons of the Tolomei, maybe the richest bankers of Siena.


Palazzo Tolomei

Young Enea was able to study law in Siena, only with the help of his uncle. A very brilliant student, he was hired as secretary by Cardinal Capranica: he subsequently worked for other bishops e cardinals e took part in a never ending council in Basel: he extensively travelled throughout Europe. In 1439 he became first secretary of the antipope Felix V e in 1442 he joined the imperial court of Frederick III. In the meantime he became renowned for his literary works, which included poems e novels, as well as essays supporting the rights of his patrons. Notwithstanding its past support of the antipope in 1446 he became secretary of Pope Eugenius IV, for whom he wrote De ortu et Romani auctoritate imperii an essay stating, based on new evidence. the origin of the papal prerogatives (a medieval account had for centuries attributed them to a donation made by Emperor Constantine, but an analysis by Lorenzo Valla had proved the original document to be a forgery).
In 1447, at the suggestion of the pope, he embraced a new career e became a priest e shortly afterwards was appointed bishop of Trieste, while continuing to act as a diplomat. In 1450 he became bishop of Siena e in 1452 he accompanied Emperor Frederick III e Eleanor of Portugal to Rome where they were married by the pope himself. In 1456 he was appointed cardinal by Pope Callixtus III e he was assigned the church of San Saba, which he largely restored.
In 1458, at the death of Callixtus III he became pope e chose the name of Pius: a literary, rather than a religious choice, because Virgil used to give the appellation of pious to Aeneas, the hero of his poem.

Pope Pius II


Palazzo Piccolomini (far left) seen from Piazza del Campo e from Banchi di Sotto; detail of the lamp at the entrance

One of the first decisions taken by the newly elected pope was that of appointing cardinals two of his nephews, thus setting the groundwork for the appearance of the Piccolomini's five moons all over Siena.
Palazzo Piccolomini built by his nephews after the death of the pope, is located at one corner of Piazza del Campo, the main square of Siena, but its Florentine Renaissance façade does not interfere with the medieval aspect of the square.


Palazzo Piccolomini in Banchi di Sotto: details

The moons of the Piccolomini do not appear only in gigantic coats of arms, but also in the decoration of the palace e in minor objects.
Pius II did not lack self-esteem: Emperor Augustus had left a list of his main accomplishments (see his temple in Ankara) e the pope did the same by writing an account of his achievements. He also renamed after himself (Pienza) the small village where he was born e he built there a cathedral e a family palace.


Loggia del Papa

Pio II himself funded the construction in 1462 of this elegant loggia, maybe having in mind that of Piazza della Signoria in Florence: the coats of arms of the pope do not show the keys of St. Peter, which will consistently become part of the papal heraldic symbol only at a later period.


S. Pietro

From a religious viewpoint Pope Pius II took care of restoring several churches in Siena, either when he was a cardinal or after his papal election, but the main gift he made to Siena was the canonization of St. Catherine.
His main worry was the growing Muslim threat: he even thought to convert Sultan Mehmet II e he wrote a letter to him in which, in return for his conversion, he offered him the title of Roman emperor (but it is generally thought the letter was never sent). He then called on the Christian kings to join efforts to retake Constantinople from the Ottomans e was prepared to personally lead this sort of crusade. To show he meant what he was preaching in 1464 he went to Ancona, the assembly point of the expedition, to vainly wait for the arrivals of the troops e of the Venetian fleet which should have carried them to Greece.
He passed away in mid August when he realized his dream would never come true.


S. Maria dei Servi

Il nipote di Pio II, il Cardinal Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini fu eletto papa il 22 settembre 1503 ma le sue cinque lune brillarono solo 26 giorni!